Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. The community knows. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. She allows the girls inside. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? He goes from being the young lover to the naked black boy, forced to go on with sex while two bigger and stronger men watch. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Contact us The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. The sisters go to the Breedlove home, but no one is there. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Discount, Discount Code [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. 8. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. 11. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). The first girl that Cholly likes. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Having light eyes marks a character as different. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. He is fiercely protective of his daughters. Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Struggling with distance learning? [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. 2. She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. Renews March 8, 2023 Pecola and the MacTeers leave the house in shame, laundry bag in tow, and as they leave they can hear Mrs. Breedlove fussing over the little white girl, who is crying. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. Struggling with distance learning? Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". Look like I just didn't care no more after that. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. LitCharts Teacher Editions. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. 5. She becomes pregnant. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . Sometimes it can end up there. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. The Maginot Line was impervious . The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. . Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. 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